Vol 3 Chapter 20: , Atomic angle to create materials

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The first and most difficult problem currently facing Imperial scientists is to create materials that can be used in curved engines and build materials from an atomic perspective.
The development of science and technology makes it possible to artificially synthesize materials on the atomic scale, such as atomic clusters, cluster materials, linear chains, multilayer heterostructures, ultra-thin films, etc. These materials are characterized by low dimensions and symmetry. Reduced, geometric features are significant.
But it is only possible. When it is actually operated, it is difficult to truly build the materials you need from an atomic point of view. The atomic unit is too small. At present, most of science and technology only Can reach nanometer level, and the atom is much smaller than nanometer.
First of all, we must first understand their size. The nano in English is er, abbreviated as nano. Nano is a unit of length. One nano is one billionth of a meter, and it is written as n.
1 nanometer is equal to the length of 10 hydrogen atoms next to each other. Because the diameter of each atom is different, 1 nanometer may be equal to the length of the array of dozens of other elements.
20 nanometers is almost equivalent to one third of a hair strand
What we usually call nanotechnology refers to the technology of studying the specific phenomena and functions of matter in the nanometer range, and creating new material materials by directly manipulating and arranging atoms and molecules.
The emergence of nanotechnology first benefited from the invention of a scanning tunneling microscope capable of magnifying tens of millions of times. The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope allowed scientists to observe this microscopic world at a nanometer angle.
Since the early 1990s, nanotechnology has developed rapidly. New disciplines such as nanoelectronics, nanomaterials, nanomechanics, nanobiology, etc. have continuously emerged. Nanotechnology is the future of scientists' languages ​​and changing human beings. One of the 9 sciences of history
In fact, although today's scientists can observe information at the atomic level through st technology, and have certain influence on the arrangement of atoms.
For example, in April 1990, two scientists in the United States ib were inspired by the movement of the probe and the xenon atom when they used st to observe the xenon atom on the surface of metal nickel. They tried to move the xenon atom adsorbed on the metal nickel with the st tip. A structure that arranges 35 xenon atoms on the surface of nickel to a 5 atom height "ib"
And scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences also use nanotechnology to draw the smallest China map in the world by relocating carbon atoms on the surface of graphite, which is less than 10 nanometers in size.
Since then, scientists have enjoyed moving various atoms and putting on various patterns, silicon atoms, sulfur atoms, iron atoms, carbon monoxide molecules, and iron-based molecules.
From this we can know that what scientists can currently achieve is to slightly move some atoms, put various patterns on the surface of the object, and cannot truly build and construct the atomic structure in three dimensions. At the same time, there is no way Large-scale, fast-going to create new materials from an atomic perspective.
But even so, only a few atoms can be simply moved and some atomic arrangements can be made on the surface. Scientists have also produced a variety of complex nanomaterials today, and artificially structure the copper atoms on the surface of copper. Arrangement can also increase the strength of copper 5 times
We all know that diamond is diamond, graphite, and coke. The atoms they form are actually the same, that is, carbon atoms, but the properties of these materials are vastly different. In terms of hardness alone, diamond is the hardest material in nature. The hardness of graphite and coke is very low.
The reason for this difference is the structure of carbon atoms. Each atom of diamond's atomic structure forms a covalent bond with the other four carbon atoms by sp3 hybrid orbitals, forming a regular tetrahedron. Because the cc bond in diamond is very strong, diamond has high hardness and extremely high melting point; and because all valence electrons are confined to the covalent bond region, there are no free electrons, so diamond is not conductive.
In the graphite structure, carbon atoms in the same layer are sp2 hybridized to form covalent bonds, and each carbon atom is connected to the other three atoms with three covalent bonds. Six carbon atoms form a regular six-connected ring on the same plane, stretching into a sheet structure.
Here, the bond length of the cc bond is 142p, which belongs to the bond length range of the atomic crystal, so for the same layer, it is an atomic crystal. Carbon atoms in the same plane each have one p orbital, which overlap each other. Electrons are relatively free, equivalent to free electrons in metals, so graphite can conduct heat and electricity, which is the characteristic of metal crystals.
Simple and easy to understand is that the carbon atom structure of diamond is three-dimensional, and all carbon atoms directly form a regular tetrahedron with each other, which is a three-dimensional structure.
The structure of graphite is that carbon atoms form a regular hexagon ring on the same plane, forming a lamellar structure, that is, a layer of carbon atoms, but there is no connection between the carbon atoms between layers. Is a flat structure
A three-dimensional regular tetrahedral structure and a flat regular hexagonal structure cause the material properties between diamond and graphite to be far apart. Its value is also different from cloud and mud. The price of diamond is calculated in carats, and the price of graphite is according to Calculated in tons, the value difference is more than billions of times
Empire wants to research the materials used for the curved engine. It is to build materials from the perspective of atomic solids, and turn them into magic. For example, the atomic angle of iron is like diamond, and it becomes a regular tetrahedron. What kind of material will come out
Responsible for researching materials is the chief scientist of the Imperial Academy of Materials Science, and the head of the Qingquan Science and Technology Times Academy of Materials Science, Mo Qingming
At this time, Mo Qingming was already in his 50s. Due to the practice of perennial strength, he was still very young in his early 50s, and there was no difference between him and his 20s, but when he was a scientist of his age , According to the standards of the earth, it is the pinnacle of a scientist's life
Before cultivating Yuanli, the average life expectancy of a person was about 80 years. The first 30 years were basically at the stage of learning, and then it took more than ten years to explore and accumulate on the road of science to more than 40. The age of about 50 is the peak period.
With experience, accumulation, and foundation, people can still be very energetic, the brain is agile and active, and they are in good health and can fight for a long time. Once this age has passed, both the body and the brain will appear. A large landslide, at that time the value of scientists has greatly diminished
This is why there are so many people talking about Yang Zhenning now. The country has trained you for decades. You had better work for Americans for decades at the most brilliant and effective age. When you are old, your brain is thinking, I can't do it anymore, I ran back again and again
Imperial scientists have been practicing Yuanli cultivation as early as the Qingquan Science and Technology Period. Younger generations have gone to the Yuanli Warrior Palace to receive Yuanli cultivation since childhood. Therefore, all of them seem like weak scholars. Is a master of Yuanli, a human-shaped nuclear bomb
Of course, their value is countless times higher than nuclear bombs. The cultivation of Yuanli makes these scientists have a long life and the time that can be used for scientific research has greatly increased. At the same time, their brains have been developed by Yuanli. Horror, amazing learning ability, very active thinking
On the one hand, the time for scientific learning and accumulation is shortened. Of course, with the development of science and technology, a scientist needs to learn more and more; on the other hand, it can greatly extend the golden period of scientists.
Scientists who have not cultivated Yuanli may only have a golden period of just ten years, but scientists who have cultivated Yuanli have a very long life and are very healthy. Their golden period can be hundreds of years and thousands of years.
At this time, Mo Qingming, who is in his 50s, is officially at the peak of his life. At this time, the band is presiding over a conference on materials science, bringing together all the major scientists who study materials in the Empire.
The empire is based on science and technology. It attaches unprecedented importance to science and technology. The status of scientists is also very high. Basically, nobles are scientists and engineers. Very few politicians can obtain the title of nobles, unless they make some special contributions. Or the rank of cabinet minister, otherwise the best way to get the title of nobility is to be a scientist or engineer
The discipline of materials is a very important branch of science. Many people choose this discipline. After decades of development of the empire, a large number of talented scientists have also emerged. Among them, there are also many scientists in the discipline of materials, and many of them are young. He is already a genius of level 3 scientist.
Mo Qingming looked at the many young faces below, eh, of course, many old people looked very young because of the cultivation of Yuanli, and couldn't help but sigh: "This Nima, these young people are too bullish, myself Are jittering, and no one has worked hard to develop materials for the crank engine, and no one has mixed up with the old guys. "
The many young faces below are naturally not aware of the thoughts of the scientist on the stage at this moment, and they are quietly waiting for him to speak. In the field of materials, Mo Qingming is a well-deserved giant. Originally brought by scientists from Qingquan Institute of Science and Technology.
"Not much nonsense, the empire wants to enter the cosmic sea, and it needs a curving engine, and the biggest problem of the curving engine is the problem of materials. This is the moment when we show our wisdom."
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