Chapter 435: The structure is too complex to be converted

Among the three schemes based on the improvement of the transmission layer material, the first and the second are relatively simple and can be tested directly with the existing materials, while the third scheme is slightly more complicated. Xu Qiu just has a general idea. , But he still doesn't know how to do it.
Before starting the simulation laboratory, you must first find the preparation process corresponding to the third solution, because if the simulation laboratory is allowed to explore on its own, this time cost can be high.
Fortunately, the common and widely-used inorganic metal oxide materials like zinc oxide have a very mature preparation process, and the "wheels" made by the predecessors can be used directly.
At this time, it involves finding information.
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For the application-oriented field of organic photovoltaics, the main way to find information is to browse the papers and documents published by other people, rather than search related professional books.
Because of the field of partial application, the iteration speed of the processing technology is very fast. It may be the best technology a year ago, but it is out of date now.
The compilation and printing of books require time, and they cannot be modified in real time. It has a large lag, and it is naturally not very convenient to use.
The literature is different. If you want to know the latest progress in a field, you only need to look at the recent review articles to get a general understanding. If you are interested in work, you can also find specific articles through the cited references. , You can even directly find the corresponding author of the paper, and send an email to communicate in the past.
Of course, books in scientific research circles are not useless, especially in basic sciences such as mathematics and physics. Books are still very important.
When Han Jiaying was just getting started, she was gnawing on a book of "Semiconductor Physics" to get a preliminary understanding of basic concepts in the semiconductor field including "built-in electric field" and "pn junction".
These underlying concepts and logic are relatively fixed and will not be outdated.
Even if it is later proved to be "wrong", such as Newton's Three Laws, it can be said to be "the limitations of the times", and the original theory can be patched with "relativity" and "quantum mechanics".
Xu Qiu summed up three specific methods for searching literature, all of which were taught to him by Sister Chen Wanqing.
Although the elder sister often has problems in experiments and her English is also a major shortcoming, her research skills in other areas are not bad.
The first method, the most commonly used method in Wei Xingsi's research group, is to collect all the recent documents in a field and read them one by one. There is a high probability that the problems encountered in the experiment can be solved.
However, the prerequisite for this method is to have a complete literature database, which is what Wei Xingsi in the group has been doing.
In fact, in most research groups, it is the students themselves who do this work, and the students need to look up the literature on their own. The Wei Xingsi group is a special case.
Xu Qiu also took a course of "Document Retrieval" as an undergraduate, which was set up by the school because the school was worried that students who were interested in undergraduate studies would not look up the literature after entering the postgraduate level.
From this point of view, while Teacher Wei left many things to his students to do, he also took on many things that should have been done by the students themselves.
Second, when the existing literature database cannot solve the problems encountered at the moment, or when you are interested in a certain direction or a certain researcher, you need to take the initiative to find the literature on your own.
Generally, use the literature search engine websites such as webofscience (wos) and Gugou academic mirror to directly search for keywords and perform fuzzy searches.
For example, if you want to learn about the field of "organic solar cells", enter "organic solar cells" to search, and if you want to know what articles the author of "Xu Qiu" has posted, enter "Xu Qiu" to search.
The literature search engine will list all the documents that meet the criteria according to the relevance of the literature. Generally, there are tens of thousands of search results. Even if you search for a "QiuXu", there will be many other people's articles with the same name as Xu Qiu. come out.
Therefore, this way of searching for documents is a needle in a haystack, and it is inefficient at times, and may not get the desired results.
The main reason is that millions of academic papers are published every year, and the scientific research circle has been developed for hundreds of years. Even if the total number of articles does not exceed 100 million, there are at least tens of millions of grades. You have to search from so many articles. The difficulty of the desired literature can be imagined.
In addition, although various document search engines have advanced search functions and can set search conditions by themselves, the algorithms of current academic search engines are not smart enough.
If the conditions are increased, it is useless. If the conditions are increased, nothing will be found in the end.
Therefore, Xu Qiu uses relatively little of this fuzzy search method.
When he uses wos, he usually directly enters the title of his article, performs a precise search, and takes a look at the number of real-time citations of his article, whether there is a small crown or a small flame.
Third, you can also use molecular structure to perform literature search.
When the molecular structure of a material is known, and you are interested in the specific synthesis route involving this material, you can search through a tool called SciFinder.
SciFinder is the academic version of the online database of "Chemical Abstracts" published by CAS, a chemical abstract service agency under the Chemical Society of America (ACS). There are software versions and web versions.
Similar to academic journals, this tool also has to be charged. Xu Qiu doesn't know the specific cost, but the asking price is certainly not low for research related.
Fortunately, Mordu University has already purchased the permission, as long as it is covered by the campus network, it can be used directly.
Generally, when Xu Qiu plans to synthesize a new material, if he can't draw inspiration from the existing literature library, he will try his luck here.
The specific operation is a bit similar to CHEMDRAW software. Log in to SciFinder, the web page will have its own molecular structure drawing tool, you can directly draw the structure formula for retrieval, and you can get the chemical reaction equation related to the drawn molecular structure.
This method is more suitable for materials with more complex molecular structures, such as ITIC developed by Xu Qiu. If the full English name is written, it is estimated that there are 100 English letters.
Xu Qiu also tried to use the "convert molecular structure to standard naming" function provided by CHEMDRAW software to get the English name of ITIC. As a result, the software directly prompted: "The structure is too complex to be converted".
Of course, his ITIC materials have English abbreviations, and they can also be retrieved directly through the literature search engine.
For some materials or reaction intermediates without abbreviations that cannot be retrieved with a literature search engine, SciFinder is a very useful tool.
It is worth mentioning that maybe because SciFinder is too popular, the webpage often comes to my aunt and will prompt: "Currently there are too many requests, please try again later."
After painstakingly drawing the molecular structure for several minutes or ten minutes, a reminder came out. After refreshing the web page, all the molecular structures drawn before were all in vain, which was quite disheartening.
The task now is to find the literature on the "low-temperature zinc oxide film preparation process".
Xu Qiu first ruled out the third method. The molecular structure of zinc oxide is very simple, and there is no need to search through SciFinder. For the first and second methods, he chose the first method.
For the current tasks, the second method is not impossible. For example, if you search directly for "preparation of zinc oxide nano-thin films", you can definitely find some literature that specializes in zinc oxide, but these documents are probably not in the field of organic photovoltaics. Dedicated.
Take the wheel as an example. Xu Qiu now needs a small wheel with a diameter of 1. Although the literature retrieved by the second method is also a wheel, it may be a large wheel with a diameter of 2, which cannot directly meet Xu Qiu’s needs. You need to take these wheels and process them again before you can use them.
However, if the first method is used to retrieve the literature of the peers, this problem will not arise, because they are all similar systems, they must use wheels with a diameter of 1, and they can just take them directly.
...
One afternoon passed.
Xu Qiu found an article from the research group of Chinese researcher YangYang, which involved the low-temperature preparation process of zinc oxide thin films.
YangYang is currently one of the top leaders in the field of organic photovoltaics, and the reference value of the articles of their research group is relatively high.
This is a "low temperature" method that only requires annealing at 80 degrees Celsius: first complete the preparation of the precursor solution, the solvent used is methanol, and then it needs to be stirred overnight for the reaction, and finally spin-coated and heated at 80 degrees Celsius. Just anneal.
The zinc oxide transport layer film used in organic photovoltaic devices is actually a stack of zinc oxide nanoparticles with a relatively uniform particle size. It is a two-dimensional nano-film in appearance, but in fact it is zero-dimensional in nature. Nano particles.
The sol-gel method is to first obtain a sol with a zinc oxide precursor solution, then convert it into a gel, and finally convert the gel into zinc oxide nanoparticles at a high temperature. The last step of the conversion process requires high temperature.
Seeing the "overnight stirring reaction" step, combined with the "low temperature" annealing conditions, Xu Qiu speculated that the method used by Yang Yang and the others was not the sol-gel method commonly used in the group.
It may be directly prepared to obtain a solution of zinc oxide nanoparticles, so that when spin-coated, the particles are directly obtained. Therefore, there is no need for high-temperature annealing to convert the gel into a zinc oxide nano-film, only a relatively "low temperature" The solvent evaporates. The boiling point of methanol is only 64.7 degrees Celsius, and a thermal annealing temperature of 80 degrees Celsius is sufficient.
In the simulation laboratory, Xu Qiu used a non-stacked common standard sample system, including experiments, to explore the impact of three methods of optimizing the transmission layer on device performance.