Chapter 1019: Perspective history

Originally an expert in the electronics industry, Tan Zhenhua was reborn from the 21st century. He is very aware of the importance of the electronics industry, especially the semiconductor industry, to the future world. It is no exaggeration to say the level of the semiconductor industry. , Can fundamentally influence or even determine the role of a country in the entire world.
In a sense, it can even be considered that the so-called "global hegemony" must be built on the basis of "sci-tech hegemony", and "semiconductor hegemony" is the most important cornerstone of "technological hegemony"!
Some students are definitely not convinced, saying that Tan Er’s view is extreme. In addition to semiconductors, materials science, basic physics, biology, chemical engineering, etc. are also important. They are the cornerstones of modern human society. Why is it said that "technological hegemony" The foundation is "semiconductor hegemony"?
This is of course because after the development of science and technology in the second half of the twentieth century, with the deepening of human understanding of nature, it is no longer possible for a certain genius to emerge that can promote the progress of the entire human society by its own power and a scientific and technological invention. For most of the scientific research results, a large number of research workers need to work together to carry out a large number of research and scientific experiments to accumulate breakthroughs in a certain direction, regardless of which line of research they are engaged in. Instruments and meters are indispensable, and the analysis and comparison of various data obtained is also the most basic work.
This also determines that no matter what industry or cutting-edge technology you are currently researching, it is inseparable from the various advanced instruments and meters, various sensors, large computing power computers, and advanced data transmission and analysis methods provided by the semiconductor industry. Wait for help.
To put it bluntly, a country with a backward semiconductor industry will soon lose the ability to compete with other advanced countries, no matter how solid its previous accumulation is, it is useless.
Do not believe? Please look at the deteriorating state of Soviet Russia, which has distorted the science and technology tree in this respect, and the main inheritor of the Russian heritage, Da Maozi Rus.
In fact, not only Tan Zhenhua knows this, but the current major leaders of the China Electronics industry are also very aware of this. Among the major ministries, the Ministry of Electronics has always been the most radical in pursuit of the latest technology. In the past history of Tan Zhenhua, they Only two points have been neglected-the first is that intellectual property will play an important role in this; the second is that key manufacturing equipment will be grasped by people; so that when China is catching up later, it is blocked by countless patent barriers and key points. The ban on the import of equipment constrained hands and feet, making it difficult to walk.
But even so, China is still the strongest "strong" in the global post-Cold War era "one super-many strong" pattern, and the only "strong" that can directly compete with that "one super", and it is now at a very high level. The acceleration is approaching that "one super".
The ultimate goal of Tan Zhenhua's series of cooperation with the Ministry of Electronics today is to make up for these shortcomings caused by various reasons in the previous life.
Contrary to what the students imagined, in 1986, China's semiconductor industry at this time did not lag far behind the international advanced level. If it must be measured in terms of time, it would be less than ten years.
Do not believe? We can look into history.
In 1947, the first semiconductor transistor in human history was born in the famous Bell Labs. In November 1949, the Paris Coordination Committee was established. Xinhuaxia was listed as a major high-tech export restricted country, and the first phase was included in the embargo list. There are tens of thousands of products in three categories, including military weapons and equipment, cutting-edge technology products, and rare materials. Of course, semiconductor devices and production equipment are among them.
Beginning in 1950, a large number of Chinese overseas students began to return to China to actively participate in the construction of the motherland under the call of the motherland. Among them, there is one of the pioneers and founders of the Chinese semiconductor industry, the heroic hero Xie Xide; Huaxia solid and semiconductor physics One of the founders, Academician Huang Kun-by the way, this academician has a classmate named Yang Zhenyin; a pioneer and promoter of semiconductor electronics, the classic book "TransistorElectronics" in the field of semiconductor electronics The author of, Zhongzhi Cheng is a senior researcher; there are founders and pioneers of China Semiconductor Materials Science, "Mother of China Space Materials", Academician Lin Lanying...
In 1956, China Huaxia issued the great call of "March to Science", encouraging all scientific researchers to work hard to climb to the peak of science. Under the leadership of this group of pioneers, Xinhuaxia’s semiconductor business has truly gone from zero. Started from scratch, and gradually built his own industry.
In November of the same year, the first germanium alloy crystal transistor with complete pn junction characteristics and standard amplification characteristics of pnp junction transistors was born in the Semiconductor Device Laboratory of the Institute of Physics, China Academy of Sciences. This epoch-making scientific and technological achievement announced China Has also stepped into the threshold of the semiconductor era.
In 1957, Fairchild, the most influential semiconductor company in the history of the United States, was established; in the same year, the Jingcheng Electronic Tube Factory pulled out germanium single crystals by reducing germanium oxide; the Semiconductor Research Office of the Institute of Physics, China Academy of Sciences and the 11th Institute of the Second Ministry of Machinery 4 The research room has successfully developed germanium alloy diffusion transistors. The research room has undergone development and is now named as the 4013th Research Institute of the Ministry of Electronics. It is also the "Northern Institute" of the two largest semiconductor device research institutes in the North and South of the Ministry of Electronics.
In 1958, Texas Instruments and Fairchild invented integrated circuits almost simultaneously. In the same year, Huaxia established the country’s first semiconductor device manufacturing plant "109 Factory" for the development of high-tech special 109 computers. Since then, China has developed semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. Production pilot plant.
Also in this year, the 4055th Research Institute of the Ministry of Electronics, that is, the work unit of Tan Zhenhua’s mother, was founded in Ningdu, and began the research and development of semiconductor microwave devices. The 4055 Research Institute, namely the two major semiconductor device research institutes "Southern Institute".
On September 15, 1959, the "601 Laboratory" (later developed into the 4046th Research Institute of the Ministry of Electronics) successfully pulled out China’s first silicon single crystal, making China the third after the United States and the Soviet Union. The country of silicon single crystal; this year, Huaxia used the silicon tetrachloride hydrogen reduction method to produce high-purity polysilicon with a purity of up to 99.9999999%, which is called "nine nines", and pulled out the first tungsten wire area. Melt single crystal silicon.
In 1962, the U.S. made the world's first semiconductor laser; Huaxia produced gallium arsenide (GaAs) single crystal, which established the foundation for the research and preparation of compound semiconductor devices, and also laid the first place for China to develop high-power microwave semiconductor devices. Root pile; It was this year that Huaxia studied the silicon epitaxial process and began to use photo-engraving and photolithography processes.
In 1963, Huaxia successfully developed the first semiconductor laser, which was the second country in the world to have this capability-only one year later than the United States.
In 1965, Huaxia successfully developed the first silicon-based integrated circuit sample GT31, which integrated 7 transistors, 1 diode, 7 resistors, and 6 capacitors on this chip, 7 years later than the United States.
In 1966, 109 Factory cooperated with Modu Optical Instrument Factory to successfully develop the first 65-type contact lithography machine, which was almost the same time as the US GCA company.
Also in this year, the 34-year-old Dr. Robert Dennard, a researcher at IBM's Thomas Watson Research Center, proposed the idea of ​​using metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors to make memory chips. Successful 1T/1C structure (one transistor plus one capacitor) DRAM, and patented in 1968. Fairchild Semiconductor launched the first 256bitDRAM in 1968; Advanced Memory Systems Corporation officially launched the world's first 1KDRAM in 1969.
Also in this year, the Semiconductor Research Institute of China Academy of Sciences produced the first silicon MOS field effect transistor; Nantong Transistor Factory was established in Jiangnan Province, and after more than 50 years of development, it has grown into one of the packaging and testing giants in the international semiconductor chip industry One, that is, the later Tongfu Microelectronics, stock code 002156 after listing.
In 1968, the "Big Three" who left Fairchild founded Intel Corporation. If it were not for Tan Zhenhua's chaos, it would grow into the world's largest technology giant with the ability to design and produce semiconductor chips; this year in China , Modu Radio 14th Factory successfully developed the first PMOS circuit (MOSIC), which opened the prelude to China's development of MOS circuits. In this year, China Yongchuan Semiconductor Research Institute was formally established, which is China's only analog integrated circuit research. Later, this research institute developed into 4024 Research Institute of the Ministry of Electronics.
In 1969, China State-owned Yonghong Equipment Factory (749 Factory) was established. In 1995, it was transferred to Tianshui as a whole. After many years, it will grow into another international packaging and testing giant, namely Huatian Technology, with stock code 002185 after listing.
In 1970, Intel introduced the first 1KDRAM chip C1103 that can be mass-produced, making 1 bit only 1 cent, thus creating the DRAM era. Also in this year, the annual output of China's integrated circuit industry exceeded 1 million for the first time, which is only 6 years after the United States entered this figure.
In 1972, Jiangyin Transistor Factory was established. This company will grow into an international giant in the chip packaging and testing industry, namely Changjiang Electronics Technology, with the stock code 600584 after listing.
If calculated according to the market share of Tan Zhenhua’s rebirth year, the three companies, Changjiang Electronics Technology, Huatian Technology, and Tongfu Microelectronics, have occupied nearly 20% of the global chip packaging and testing market, of which Changjiang has the highest market share. Electronic technology ranks third in the world, with a market share of 11.8%. It can be seen that China Xia is not lagging behind in the chip field at least in this business.
In 1974, in order to develop large-scale integrated circuits (LSI), Huaxia held the first national conference in Beijing to discuss development ideas; it was also in this year that Samsung Electronics of South Korea officially entered the semiconductor industry.
It can be seen that, at least until this point in time, China's semiconductor level is far ahead of South Korea.
In 1975, Huaxia completed three technical solutions for silicon gate NMOS, silicon gate PMOS, and aluminum gate NMOS. The 109 factory immediately adopted silicon gate NMOS technology and successfully trial-produced the first 1KDRAM, which was five years later than the C1103 developed by Intel.
In the same year, the Industrial Research Institute of China Bay Island purchased the first 3-inch wafer production line from the United States, which was completed and put into production in 1977.
In November 1976, the Institute of Computing Technology of the Huaxia Academy of Sciences successfully developed a 10 million-time large-scale electronic computer. The circuit used was the ECL (EmitterCoupledLogic) circuit developed by 109 Factory.
In the same year, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry led the establishment of a "VLSI Joint Research and Development Organization" with five key companies, and invested 72 billion yen to overcome the technical difficulties of VLSI DRAM.
It can be seen that, at least until this year, China's technological level is comparable to that of the Japanese nation, and even ahead of Wandao.
In this year, China's domestically produced integrated circuit chip annual shipments exceeded 10 million pieces, ten years later than the United States reached this number.
In 1978, the Semiconductor Research Institute of Huaxia Academy of Sciences successfully developed 4KDRAM. It was successfully taped out in 109 factory on September 28, 1979, with an average yield rate of 28%. In the same year, South Korea Institute of Electronic Technology KIET purchased a 3-inch crystal from the United States. Round production line, put into production the following year.
In the same year, GCA in the United States developed the first distributed repeat projection exposure machine, which reduced the line width of integrated circuit graphics in the United States from 1.5μm to 0.5μm.
In August 1979, China's first CCD device was successfully developed at 4013 Institute.
Yes, classmate, you are not mistaken. Huaxia people developed CCD devices by themselves in the late 1970s.
Don't the second son of Tan know? Of course not. With his familiarity with the 4013 in his previous life, he certainly knows all this-but he couldn't use the 4013's components when he made his digital camera, and he had to buy the CCD patent from Bell Labs at a high price. License, as for why?
Because this is in the field of civilian semiconductors, each other must abide by the rules of the game.
Just like in this year, Magic Radio 5 Factory even succeeded in imitating Intel's 8080CPU, it is doomed to fail to complete the commercialization process.
In the 1980s, the American SVGL company developed the first generation of step-and-scan projection exposure machine, and the line width of integrated circuit graphics was reduced from 0.5μm to 0.35μm.
This year, the famous director Zhang Hongmei filmed the first sci-fi movie "Dead Light on Coral Island" in the history of China. The film tells such a story:
In a certain country, Professor Zhao Qian, a patriotic Chinese scientist, successfully trial-produced high-efficiency atomic batteries. He rejected major consortia’s requests to buy the patent rights of atomic batteries and decided to bring all samples and materials back to the motherland.
That night, Professor Zhao was assassinated. Professor Zhao’s future son-in-law and young scientist Chen Tianhong fleeed with a battery sample to fulfill the professor’s last wish.
On the way, the plane was shot down by a strange aerial weapon and Tianhong fell into the sea. He struggled to swim to a nearby island, and a shark swam towards him. At this critical juncture, he saw a flash of fire, and the shark died instantly.
Chen Tianhong swam to the small island. This is a mysterious island. Only an old scientist, Professor Zhao’s friend Dr. Ma Tai, and his dumb servant Aman live on the island. There is a complex and magical experiment center on the island. After 10 years of hard work, Dr. Matthew successfully trial-produced the laser here. Just now, Dr. Matthew used the laser in the laboratory to kill the shark and rescued Chen Tianhong.
When Chen Tianhong learned that Dr. Matthew had not solved the power supply problem of the laser, he handed over the high-efficiency atomic battery to Dr. Matthew.
However, the evil Venus Company followed suit and tried to combine the research results of Professor Zhao and Dr. Matthew to create a new weapon threatening the peace of mankind. Knowing all this, everyone on the island was determined to stop this criminal act. . Fearing that the conspiracy would be revealed, the Venus Company sent people to the island to obtain information and to blow up the island to eliminate the evidence.
After a fierce fight, the warship fled with the data, and the island was about to be bombed. At this critical moment, Chen Tianhong cooperated with the dying Dr. Matthew to sink the warship, Xiaodao, with a newly successfully trial-produced laser and high-efficiency atomic battery. exploded.
Although the scientists' new inventions did not survive, they defended the peace of mankind with their blood and lives.
If you look at this movie from today's perspective, you will undoubtedly feel that the plot is old-fashioned and the special effects are 5 cents... No, only 5 points, but this is the real pioneering work of the New China Science Fiction film, so once it was screened, it immediately became a sensation. All over the country, it is not too much to say that it has caused a lot of people to empty alleys, especially its tragic ending makes everyone who has watched the film couldn't help crying. This naturally includes Tan Zhenhua at the time.
Back to the topic.
In 1981, the Semiconductor Research Institute of China Academy of Sciences successfully developed 16KDRAM.
In 1982, 4013 Institute launched China’s first gallium arsenide integrated circuit chip; in the same year, 109 Factory successfully developed the KHA-75-1 lithography machine.
In 1983, the 3-inch 5-micron TV integrated circuit production line imported from Toshiba in Wuxi 742 Factory was put into production. This was the first time that China had introduced an integrated circuit production line from a foreign country. It was also the first time that China had realized the industrialized mass production of integrated circuits.
Also in this year, Samsung Electronics officially entered the memory industry.
In 1985, the 4045 of the Ministry of Electronics successfully developed a prototype of a stepwise lithography machine, which passed the technical appraisal of the Ministry of Electronics and considered it to reach the level of 4800DSW in the United States. It uses a 436 nanometer G line light source and can process an integrated circuit pattern line width of 0.5 μm level, the gap with the United States is no more than 7 years, one generation behind.
It can be seen that at this moment, China has basically possessed the entire industrial chain for the production of semiconductor devices.
In this year, the annual output of China's integrated circuits was about 54 million. In the same year, the imported integrated circuits reached 200 million, and the market share of domestic chips exceeded 20%.
Similarly, without Tan Zhenhua’s random entry, Intel will announce its withdrawal from the DRAM market after this year’s CES exhibition and focus on the CPU field, but now, the 80386 has not achieved the sensational success in history, but has been The "MIPS" with its open architecture was so successful in the market that Intel had to pinch its nose and signed the alliance with Tan Zhenhua. After some bargaining, it joined the "Midoor" alliance.
Tan Zhenhua felt very sorry when signing at that time. Then, what kind of "Pentium", "Core", wouldn't there be no chance to appear?
It can be seen from the history just mentioned that, as of last year, the gap between China’s semiconductor industry and the world’s advanced level is limited. Within the scope of the opponent’s expectations, it’s hard work that can keep up with the opponent’s pace. The category that may catch up-but all this good situation, in the history of Tan Zhenhua's last life, took a sharp turn in 1986!