Chapter 514:

In 1888, Darwin also gave science a definition: "Science is to sort out the facts, discover the rules and make conclusions." Darwin's definition points to the connotation of science, namely facts and laws. Science needs to discover the facts that people are not aware of, and use it as a basis to seek truth from facts, not the dream of pure thinking. As for the law, it refers to the inevitable connection between the inherent essence of objective things. Therefore, science is a knowledge system based on practice, empirically tested and rigorously logically demonstrated, about the nature of various things in the objective world and the laws of motion.
Science is a knowledge system about nature, society and thinking. It is produced and developed to meet the needs of people's production struggles and class struggles. It is the crystallization of people's practical experience.
Science is first and foremost different from common sense. Science uses classification to find the organization among things. In addition, science reveals the laws governing things in order to explain things.
Science is the phenomenon and law of the universe. The laws laid down by the universe will not negate each other. For example, the universe will not stipulate that its provisions are wrong. The universe will not stipulate that it can pass through time and space, and that it cannot pass through time and space. In these two regulations. The universe can only stipulate that one is right and the other is wrong. Crossing time and space itself is a refutation, thinking that crossing time and space science is superstition.
The law set by the universe will not be meaningless. For example, the universe does not stipulate that nothing exists in the universe. The immutable existence has no meaning, so the objects in the universe will move, and the existence of life will occur.
Hypotheses can be verified simply by collecting information from other sources, or by additional observations, and more often by designing an experiment. The experiment allows the scientist to verify the hypothesis by reproducing an event. There are often multiple variables rb in an event. The more variables, the more difficult the experiment is. Therefore, a controllable experiment is required. The classical controllable experiment is divided into two groups. One group is called the control group and the other group is called the experimental group. Scientists often do not accept the results of a single experiment because it is likely to be a random event that has no causal relationship with the experimental variables. Only a large number of repeated experiments showed obvious causality, and this experiment was credible.
One of the core features of the scientific approach is communication. In most cases, the results of scientific research must be monitored and reviewed by others interested in the study. Communication takes place in people who are scientifically explored and in a step, including publishing articles, publicizing ideas and ideas.
A scientist must first be a healthy skeptic. He must be able to distinguish between facts and claims. Whether a science is scientific depends on whether it is supported by many rigorous evidence, not whether it sounds loud or not. In addition, scientists must pay close attention to details and have a strong sense of moral identity with honesty.
The fundamental difference between science and non-science is whether the hypothesis can be verified. For example, we can assume that if the Xi'an Incident is killed, the War of Resistance Against Japan will win more quickly. This assumption cannot be verified, so history is not science, but history, literature, sociology, economics, and philosophy also have their core ideas of logic. At the same time, science and non-science are not static, such as economics, which also uses a large number of scientific methods to help explain economic phenomena. In general, it is far from science.
Pseudoscience is not science, but it uses the "scientific" appearance and the "scientific" language to convince, confuse and mislead people to think that it is scientific and credible. They cannot withstand the test of true science. It belongs to the non-scientific true subset. . For example, nutrition is indeed a science, and many people's advertising of nutrition is the use of nutrition. We all know that the human body needs various nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins, minerals, etc. If the nutrient is lacking, the body will malfunction. Many scientific experiments have verified this. In most cases, the health care products are far less effective than their advertisements, and our bodies do not need these health care products as they advertise. In these advertisements, carefully selected scientific information on amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that are necessary for the human body does make people feel that these products are very reliable. In fact, most people's daily diets contain a sufficient amount of nutrients, without the need for extra health supplements. It is important to note that these health supplements are often labeled with natural labels to promote their non-toxic, no side effects and significant efficacy. However, arrow toxin, nicotine, and the same natural substance, I think no one wants to add them in their own recipes.
From the definition of science, we know that it is a way to find information to solve problems, so science can only solve problems with objective reality. Problems such as morality, value judgment, social orientation, and personal attitude cannot be solved by scientific methods. It is impossible to ignore science in pursuit of spiritual world. At the same time, science is also limited by people's ability to explore the essence of natural phenomena. People make mistakes, and at the same time, because of the lack of information or misunderstanding, people sometimes draw wrong conclusions. Science itself is self-correcting. When we acquire new knowledge, we must change or abandon the original wrong idea. Therefore, it seems that geocentric theory and so on is a wrong conclusion. At that time, it was constructed by scientific methods, but limited by human observation ability.
Any research method that is to be regarded as a scientific method must be that objective scientists cannot have different interpretations of the single results produced by scientific methods or cannot change the outcome. Another basic expectation is that a complete information document must be available for corroboration, and the research method must be carefully examined by a third party and confirmed that the method can be reworked.
It is generally understood that science is the pursuit of the laws of nature. There is an important criterion in the laws of science, that is, in some cases, there can be no counterexamples. Any phenomenon that exists objectively and can be repeated, if it is contradictory to the existing scientific laws, declares that this scientific law has certain limitations.
Scientific methods use reproducible methods to explain natural phenomena. Put forward thought experiments or assumptions from the predictions. The prediction is made before the confirmation experiment or observation to prove that there is no intervention. The counter-evidence of prediction is proof of progress. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses to explain natural phenomena, and then design experiments to test these hypotheses, which require the simulation of natural phenomena under controlled conditions in observing science, such as astronomy or geology, and predictable observations can be used instead of collation experiments. On the whole, scientific methods can solve the problem of extreme innovation without being affected by subjective bias. To be continued.
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