Vol 2 Chapter 41: , The Ottoman Empire in the misty wind and rain

　　 Europe is unstable, and Asia and Africa are not peaceful either!
　　 First there was a riot in the Gulf of Aqaba in Jordan; then there was a riot in Shulia; then there was a rebellion in Malatya!
　　 In short, 1896 was a year of wind and rain for the Ottoman Empire! After entering the 19th century, this old empire became more and more powerless!
　　 The successive uprisings made the Sudanese government exhausted, and finally suppressed it, but the Ottoman Empire also paid a heavy price!
　　 In order to suppress the uprising, the Ottoman Empire lost a total of more than 43,000 soldiers in 1896. The pension alone is a lot of money!
　　The most important thing is the destruction of the local area. Basically, in the areas where the uprising broke out, in the next few years, the Ottoman Empire will find it difficult to obtain profits, but it will need financial allocation to fill the holes!
　　 Moreover, the insurgents also destroyed the ruling foundation of the Ottoman Empire. A large number of basic officials were swept away. In order to stabilize the place, the Sudanese government had to station heavy troops in the place!
　　 These series of expenditures are added together, making the already fragile finances of the Ottoman Empire even worse!
　　 In 1896, the Ottoman Empire's fiscal deficit reached more than 16.5 million lire (about 15 million pounds, 1 lire = 6.651519 grams of gold), which can be said to have been on the verge of bankruptcy.
　　 Fortunately, the Ottoman Empire has a lot of business and its heritage is still there. Finally, it has survived and marched towards 1897 in a waning pace.
　　 The Sudanese government may have felt that the crisis is approaching, and the reformists have begun to grow. In fact, the reform of the Ottoman Empire has been around for a long time. It started as early as a hundred years ago. It is embodied in the military, and established a modern army!
　　 No matter how good the system is, people need to implement it, in order to cultivate enough new-style talents. The secular education reform began during the Tanzimat era. During the period of Abdul Hamid II (1876 to 1909), the real education reform began. During this period, the Sudanese government vigorously developed higher education and improved The scale of the university.
　　 Istanbul University was reorganized in 1900, which was the first modern university in the Middle East. Colleges and universities adopt Western-style education, and the curriculum includes history, mathematics and foreign languages.
　　 Secularization is the characteristic of higher education in this period. During this period, a complete set of modern education systems including secular elementary and secondary schools, normal and technical schools were established.
　　 The establishment of a new type of school has had a positive impact on education and updated traditional teaching content. In addition to the traditional teaching content, these schools began to offer general knowledge of history, geography and health at the elementary level, and added mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, civics, Turkish, French and Persian at the middle school level.
　　 The modern teaching of the school has greatly promoted the development of secular education. During this period, the European powers not only set up enterprises in Ottoman Turkey, but also set up schools. The establishment of European-style school education promoted the spread of Western culture.
　　 The education reform has promoted the secularization of justice and education. The Minister of the Supreme Court of Justice was removed from the cabinet, the secular control of the Sharia court by the Ministry of Justice was activated, religious schools were brought under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Religious Funds was built.
　　 The number of intellectuals who have received secular education has greatly increased, and military officers and cadets are largely urban and rural petty bourgeois and lower-level officials.
　　 From among them, many civil and military officials have been trained and a new generation of national democratic revolutionaries have been bred. The emerging secular elite challenged the traditional power structure of Ulema and weakened the traditional religious power.
　　 From Tanzimat to the secular reform of the Young Turks, there is only one step away from the ultimate goal of this process-the separation of church and state and the establishment of a secular state.
　　 The reform of the Ottoman Empire, Ferdinand did not care, an empire from top to bottom, rotten to its roots, blind reform is undoubtedly a catalyst to accelerate its demise!
　　 Obviously the lack of the Ottoman Empire is not only reform, but the most important thing is the lack of execution ability! ! No matter how good the policy is, if the government's execution is insufficient and cannot be implemented, the opposite result may be achieved!
　　 The Ottoman Empire is no exception. Educational reforms did not achieve the goals the Sudanese government wanted. Instead, they gave birth to the "Turkish Youth Party" or "Unified Progressive Party."
　　 was established in Istanbul in 1894. The original leader was Ahmed Lissa. In May 1889, four medical school students in the capital established an anti-authoritarian group, named the Ottoman League, and later renamed the League Progress Committee. Europeans called it the "Young Turkish Party".
　　 Soon, many young students, military officers, intellectuals and foreign exiles joined the party. It represents the interests of the bourgeoisie and liberal landlords, advocates maintaining the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, opposes the autocratic system, and calls for the restoration of the 1876 Constitution.
　　 At the beginning of 1897, the Turkish Al-Shabaab conspired to launch a military coup, but failed due to leaks. The organization of the Youth Turkish Party in the capital was destroyed, many people were arrested, 13 were sentenced to death, and 68 were exiled. This incident frustrated the strategy of relying on the upper-level coup to realize its political propositions.
　　 The emergence of the Turkish Youth Party has undoubtedly shaken the ruling foundation of the Sudanese government. A national anti-government group was established. UU看书www. uukanshu.com has a clear political program!
　　 The emergence of the Turkish Youth Party surprised Ferdinand slightly, and relaxed again. The current Turkish Youth Party is just a toddler in Handan, unable to dominate the huge Ottoman empire!
　　 As long as it does not affect Bulgaria’s next strategy, Ferdinand is still happy to watch the Sudanese government joke!
　　 As for the success of the reform of the government of Sudan, Ferdinand is not optimistic about them. Once any reform touches the interests of the ruling class, it will become extremely difficult!
　　Even if the Sudanese government is able to open the system, there is nothing it can do! First of all, military reform was resisted by the military, and the Sudanese government did not have strong execution capabilities.
"There are policies and measures to counter!"
　　 At the time when the Sudanese government was reforming, another major historical event occurred—the Greeks in Crete launched another uprising!
　　 This uprising is different from the past. In February 1897, with the funding of the Greek government, an uprising broke out on the island of Crete. After the success of the uprising, the insurgents announced their separation from the Ottoman Empire and joined Greece!
　　Well, all fools know that this was made by the Greek government, "Rebel Army"? If you investigate carefully, you will find: Why are so many retired Greek soldiers participating?
　　 Oh, no! There are all on active duty, mainly because the Greek government is too lazy to do it! As soon as the insurgents announced that they would leave the Ottoman Empire and join Greece, the Greek government immediately welcomed them. Since then, Crete has become a sacred and inviolable part of the Greek territory!
　　 After the Greek government sworn the sovereignty of Crete, the navy landed directly on Crete. There were two groups of the Greek army with the same team, the purpose is to eliminate the remnants of the Ottoman Empire on Crete!