Chapter 470: The efficiency is fixed at 17.36%! "Science" article

On Tuesday morning, Caiyi 216.
Yesterday, the first batch of laminated devices of the school girl, the final efficiency was only one step away from 17%.
Therefore, today, everyone is very concerned about the second batch of devices made by Xu Qiu, and I don't know if he can make a breakthrough and rush the efficiency to 17%.
Xu Qiu put on protective equipment and entered the vapor deposition glove box.
He was surrounded by a circle of people. In addition to Han Jiaying and Mo Wenlin, Wu Feifei, Sun Wo, Tian Qing and the others also came to join in the fun.
Xu Qiu's performance was rather calm, because he had already figured it out through the simulation laboratory in advance and learned the specifics of these devices, so everything was under control.
He skillfully opened the vapor deposition chamber, took out the components, connected the wiring, turned on the source meter, simulated the solar light source, ran the software, and started the test.
After more than half a minute, the current and voltage figures on the source meter finally stopped beating, and the test results were displayed on the screen:
The open circuit voltage is 1.64 volts, the short circuit current density is 14.33 mA per square centimeter, and the fill factor is 73.2%.
Seeing the result of photoelectric conversion efficiency, Han Jiaying hugged Xu Qiu's arm, shaking back and forth: "Brother, you really did it, 17%!"
Mo Wenlin looked a little inexplicable, but she smiled and congratulated: "Congratulations to Xu Qiu, we are getting closer and closer to the publication of the "Science" article~"
Wu Feifei seemed to be the "spy leader" sent by Wei Xingsi, turning her head and said: "Sun Wo, you go and inform Teacher Wei that Xu Qiu has achieved 17% efficiency."
"Okay." Sun Wo replied in a naive way, and then headed to 218.
At this time, Tian Qing interrupted and said, "Xu Qiu, should I say that he has made such a big breakthrough?"
"No problem," Xu Qiu was in a good mood, and naturally did not refuse: "Today I invite everyone to drink milk tea, just the newly opened "Happy Tea". You can order whatever you want, and you don't have to think about saving me money."
"Okay, you can finally kill the big family." Tian Qing smiled and narrowed her eyes: "I want to drink the new snow raspberry osmanthus jelly~"
Fan Wentang was looking at the literature in the office outside. During this time, he also knew that the group was doing big moves. However, he was more responsible and did not specifically inquire about it. He just focused on improving his abilities in order to integrate into the research group as soon as possible. In the atmosphere.
However, Fan Wentang was sitting in the office after all, and other people did not specifically avoid him when speaking, so he could hear a few words.
For example, Fan Wentang now knows that Xu Qiu has achieved the efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices by 17%, and his feelings are almost as follows:
"Too TMDNB! This is the rhythm of sending CNS!"
"Generally, those who can post CNS during graduate school are mostly senior doctoral students, and Xu Qiu is a first-year doctoral student..."
"Boss, horrible..."
It was mainly because Fan Wentang came to the research group for a relatively short time. Although he saw a lot of Xu Qiu's early work and heard of some legendary deeds of Xu Qiu, he did not personally experience it after all.
In other words, Fan Wentang has not yet developed "antibodies" to Xu Qiu's legendary deeds, and everyone else in the research team has been numb to Xu Qiu's shock.
For example, now Tian Qing heard the news, the first thought was: "Xu Qiu is going to post a big article, I can ‘blackmail’ a cup of milk tea from him again."
Soon, Wei Xingsi got the news and ran over from the 218 office next door in three steps in two steps, still holding half of an unfinished apple in his mouth.
After quickly gnawing two apples, Teacher Wei accurately threw the remaining apple cores into the trash can in the office, and said to the laboratory from the air: "Xu Qiu, I heard that the efficiency has exceeded 17%?"
After Wei Xingsi approached, Xu Qiu glanced at the latest results that had just appeared on the computer screen, and continued to add: "Oh, now the efficiency has improved a little bit. By the time Wei Xingsi didn't know how to express it, he had mixed feelings.
Not long ago, he asked Feifei Wu’s perovskite team to stop the experiment. Although it was out of trust in Xu Qiu, in fact, he was not sure that Xu Qiu could definitely break the efficiency to 17%.
After all, the device efficiency is rather mysterious, including when he himself was doing PDI-related research at NREL, sometimes he made devices for a month, and the efficiency became lower and lower. This is a very common thing.
Every time I think I am "optimization", it is actually "reverse optimization"...
Unexpectedly, when Xu Qiu was here, there seemed to be no bottleneck.
Just a few days later, there was another good news, and continuous breakthroughs in performance did not stop.
After a while, Wei Xingsi finally calmed down and praised: "Very good!"
Later, Wei Xingsi asked: "How to arrange the next work? I checked it, this year's Chinese New Year is relatively early, February 1 is the Spring Festival, and today is January 11, I will base Xu Qiu on your side. The situation arranges the holiday time of the research group."
"Um..." Xu Qiu pondered for a moment, and responded: "It will take about two weeks. Although it's relatively in a hurry, it should be done."
"Mo Wenlin will go to NIM to send samples for third-party testing..."
"I want to use the SEM scanning electron microscope to test the thickness and draw a two-dimensional map of the film thickness of the bottom cell and the top cell and the performance of the device..."
"There are eight more batches of devices to be added..."
"At the same time, I will continue to modify the text and pictures of the article..."
"Finally, let everyone in the group improve the article..."
"Yes, yes," Wei Xingsi nodded, then looked around and said, "Everyone has worked hard this year and produced a lot of high-quality work. Let's work hard to make this work, and then give it to you this year. Take two more weeks of vacation, just to allow time for the glove box to be reprocessed and the research team to move."
"Wow--" As soon as Wei Xingsi's voice fell, cheers rang out from the research team.
Wei Xingsi saw that the inspiration effect of his "cheerleader" was very good, so he didn't stay much, and chatted for a few more words, then turned and left.
After that, everyone dispersed one after another, while continuing their respective work, while discussing how to "wave" during the month-long winter vacation.
Of course, Tian Qing is the main person who discusses how to play during the vacation. Others are relatively homeless. The two-week holiday is basically two weeks at home.
Han Jiaying returned to the office and continued to write her article. She had to submit this AM article before the holiday.
Xu Qiu continued to test the devices. Eventually, the highest efficiency of this batch of devices reached Mo Wenlin's trip to prepare the third batch of new stacked devices, and at the same time she took the time to make an appointment for NIM testing.
Because Karen Mok went to NIM more often, she got acquainted with the tester brother.
After some negotiations, she made an appointment for an urgent order. The test time will be this Friday, and the test results will be available next week as soon as possible.
It’s better to have acquaintances. After all, no matter what the rules are, there is always someone to handle specific matters.
In the next few days, the main work of the experiment is to repeatedly prepare the device and get the repeatability data.
Because Mo Wenlin was sent to Beijing NIM to send samples at the first time, Xu Qiu herself was busy changing the article. Although Wu Shengnan occasionally came to Handan to help, her focus was still on Y series materials. In terms of characterization, she needs to race against time to get as much data as possible before the school’s public testing platform is closed.
Therefore, the burden of making devices rests on the school girls.
Fortunately, several undergraduates finally finished the exam and returned to the laboratory one after another.
As a result, Yin Houlang and Xu Xinjie were arrested by Han Jiaying and came to help prepare the devices.
Originally, Yin Houlang also bought a ticket to go home directly after the exam, but after some "goodwill persuasion" from the school girl, he finally changed the ticket to a week later.
At the same time, Fan Wentang was sent by Xu Qiu to follow the preparation of the device. Anyway, the conditions have been explored. Let him make the device according to the standard conditions and practice his hands. It can also improve his practical ability and reduce the pressure of some school girls. .
Observed mainly during this period of time, Xu Qiu felt that Fan Wentang was relatively reliable, and it was time to put more burdens on him.
Although Fan Wentang will not be named in this "Science" article, if he performs well, there will be great benefits in the future.
After all, what Xu Qiu lacks most here is experimental ideas.
time flies……
Finally, by the time of January 19th, ten batches of devices have been struggling.
The highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of the organic photovoltaic laminate devices in the group is fixed in it. The open circuit voltage is 1.64 volts, the short circuit current density is 14.35 mA per square centimeter, and the fill factor is 73.7%, which basically reaches the limit of numerical fluctuations.
It's also a coincidence that this highest value of efficiency coincides with the result of Xu Qiu's first exploration in the simulation laboratory before.
In addition, the data of ten batches of devices, after removing the abnormal points, the average photoelectric conversion efficiency is 0.22%.
This shows that the results are very stable, and the reliability of the data is very high. It is not an accidental experimental phenomenon.
The reason why repetitive experiments are very important is that there will always be various accidents when doing experiments, resulting in abnormal experimental data.
For example, when testing efficiency, if you accidentally change the original area of ​​0.04 square centimeters to 0.03 square centimeters by mistake, the final efficiency value will increase by 33.3%.
In other words, if the original efficiency was 12%, it would be changed to 16% because of input errors. This gap is still quite exaggerated.
If at this time, through self-repetitive experiments or third-party testing, problems can be discovered and corrected in time.
But if neither repeated experiments nor third-party testing were performed, the researchers did not notice the abnormalities in the data, or noticed the abnormalities but pretended not to notice, and finally sorted the data into an article and published it.
If you post a small article in SCI area three or four, it may not be discovered, because this kind of journal is generally not read by people.
But if it is to publish top journals such as "Nature" and "Science", many people will inevitably read it and repeat the experimental results.
If others can’t repeat it all the time, a colleague will ask you for the original data, and then as soon as you provide the original data, the colleague will soon know that there is a problem with the data, at least there is no repetitive experiment.
The final result will be considered academic fraud, and the manuscript will be retracted by the journal.
Almost every once in a while, there will be news reports that an article published in the top journal of the CNS has been retracted.
Moreover, the country is also considered to be the hardest hit area in this regard, especially the biological aspects.
For example, they did the same experiment ten times, got ten kinds of results, then found a more powerful result, published it, and claimed to the public that they had repeated the experiment ten times and got such NB results, and then based on this As a result, I analyzed a lot and told a very nice story.
It is indeed ten experiments, but the results of ten times are different...
The data may also be true, unmodified, but not repeatable...
At the same time, academic fraud is also true.
After all, the essence of publishing academic papers is to facilitate exchanges between different scholars.
This unrepeatable result is reported, and it is purely a waste of other people's time.
Basically, once this kind of retraction occurs, if it is confirmed that it is an academic fraud, the researcher's academic career will basically end here, and his ID will be hacked by all journal companies.
Relatively speaking, in the field of organic photovoltaics, especially the results of ITIC's non-fullerene system, it is relatively easy to repeat.
For example, the ITIC series of materials developed by Xu Qiu, the results reported in the group are 12% and 13%.
If you put it in other research groups, the small research group may not be able to do as high as Xu Qiu because the processing technology optimization is not good enough, but generally they can achieve 10% and 11% efficiency;
However, large research groups like Gong Yuanjiang and Xu Zhenghong basically obtained the materials and compared the preparation conditions in the literature. Several Ph.Ds and post-doctoral fellows took turns to play. In less than a month, Xu Qiu’s results were almost the same. Repeat it.
At the same time, every system in the field of organic photovoltaics that breaks the world record is reported, and third-party testing is mandatory, which greatly increases the difficulty of counterfeiting.
Therefore, Xu Qiu has hardly heard of fraud in the organic photovoltaic field, at least not in the top issue.
If it is a journal in the third or fourth SCI area, it is hard to say.
After all, although the organic photovoltaic field is relatively unpopular with perovskite and graphene, it is not so unpopular.
In this "non-slip" field, articles published in the third and fourth areas of SCI are not as likely to be as articles published in Chinese core journals.
Because there are some big guys in the Chinese core language, they will submit papers because of the ZZ task or other factors;
In terms of SCI area three and four, the big guys don't care about it, just like Wei Xingsi only reads SCI area one and two articles and only publishes SCI area one and two articles.
The task of ZZ is easy to understand. It is necessary to increase the influence of domestic Chinese journals.
For other factors, such as a previous article by Xu Zhenghong’s research group, it is said that they initially voted for "Nature·Energy" and were rejected, switched to "Joule" and then rejected, switched to NC and then rejected, and voted for AM and then rejected. Rejected, and finally voted for a journal in a Chinese core journal.
They mainly talk about conjectures about why the performance of ADA-type non-fullerene materials such as ITIC and IDTBR are superior.
Because it is a pure conjecture and not supported by much experimental data, it is not welcomed by journal companies.
They were unwilling to take this conjecture that they believed to be correct, and published it in a journal worse than AM. They simply published a Chinese core article, and then sent a copy of it to every colleague in the domestic circle by email.
Xu Qiu also got a copy from Wei Xingsi's channel. After reading it, he found that the other party's article was quite good. From a linguistic point of view, it might have been written by Xu Zhenghong himself, or by Liang Haoxian, the little boss in his group.
The views they put forward, at least to justify themselves, are still instructive, but the reason why they are difficult to publish in "Nature·Energy", NC, AM is mainly because of the lack of experimental data support.
If only the theory is mentioned, Xu Qiu can also put forward several theories at will.
Theories used to explain the past are not difficult to imagine, because what happened in the past is already fixed, and theories that can predict the future are NB.
This is actually the difference between science and metaphysics.
Science can both explain the past and predict the future, while metaphysics can only explain the past, and the prediction of the future is ambiguous.
Things like yin and yang, five elements and gossip, birth date, constellation and fate, are metaphysics.
But many people are willing to believe in these, maybe not completely believe it, but these things sometimes just meet people's expectations for certain aspects.
In addition to the device data, Xu Qiu also tested the SEM and light absorption spectra in the past few days, drawn the final version of the two-dimensional map corresponding to the film thickness and efficiency, and worked with other friends to improve the article.
Now, this "Science" article has basically been polished to perfection.
Mo Wenlin returned from NIM last Friday and got the test results issued by NIM yesterday. The calibration efficiency is 17.1%, which is basically the same as the result of 17.3% in the laboratory.
Halfway through, the NIM inspector also talked to Mo Wenlin and said: "After seeing this result, at first I thought it was because our instrument was malfunctioning, or the area of ​​the device was calculated incorrectly. After repeated testing, I called it. After the inspection team leader tested it together, the result was confirmed."
They are in the field of testing, and they still have some understanding of the current progress in the field.
Generally, the devices that are submitted for inspection are close to the world record level, so they also need to confirm the authenticity before issuing the certificate.
The previous world record for organic photovoltaics was about 14%, but now it suddenly breaks through 17%.
A one-time breakthrough of three percentage points made them cautious.
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In addition, the inspector also said:
Originally, there were many research groups that asked us to do the efficiency calibration of organic photovoltaic devices. In the past year, because your team was too strong, basically only you were sent to do the testing. Other research groups The number of visits has been significantly reduced, which has had a certain impact on our firm’s revenue..."
Of course, this must be a polite remark.
After all, NIM is mainly responsible for instrument calibration, and organic photovoltaic efficiency calibration is only a small part. Even if it is not opened all year round, it will not have much impact on the overall business revenue.
In the evening, Xu Qiu brought the final version of the "Science" article to Wei Xingsi.
The two have read the draft of the article many times before, and now they read it one last time. After confirming that they are correct, they voted the article and uploaded the original data.
After finishing the submission, Wei Xingsi took out two bottles of soda sparkling water from the small refrigerator on the back and handed them to Xu Qiu a bottle. He said with emotion: "Finally, I'm done. You can take a good rest. You don't have to do it during this time. Experimented..."
Xu Qiu took the drink, opened it and took a sip. It tasted of peach, not bad, and quite refreshing.
However, he did not answer, because according to Xu Qiu's understanding of Wei Xingsi, the other party would definitely follow up.
Sure enough, Wei Xingsi paused and continued: "We will have our holiday from January 24 to February 20. In the few days before the holiday, you need Feifei Wu to be responsible for the move afterwards and the renovation of the glove box. Thing..."
"No problem." Xu Qiu nodded. These were all expected.
"Okay, then I'll call Gong Yuanjiang and report the good news to him." After that, Wei Xingsi immediately called Gong Yuanjiang.
Xu Qiu didn't rush to leave either. It would be fun to stay and see Teacher Wei's appearance in front of him.
Soon, the phone was connected, Wei Xingsi turned on the speakerphone and greeted: "Hey, Yuan Jiang, we just posted the article."
"Well, that "Science", how much efficiency have you achieved now? I asked you before that you have been reluctant to say, saying that you want to keep it secret..." Gong Yuanjiang pretended to be dissatisfied: "Now that the articles are all submitted, it is time to tell me, besides. I even hung up the name."
Wei Xingsi said triumphantly: The result of the calibration over there was 17.1%. "
"How much? 17%?" Gong Yuanjiang asked in surprise, and then said: "You don't give other people a way to survive. Originally, I wanted to show off my latest achievements. Cao Si from our group just now The device efficiency of all small molecules has reached 14%."
Wei Xingsi followed Gong Yuanjiang's words, "praising": "14%, not bad."
Gong Yuanjiang couldn't hear Wei Xingsi's potential meaning, and sighed lightly: "Hey, it's still not comparable to yours at 17%. UU reading www.uukanshu.com"
"Haha," Wei Xingsi smiled, and then did not continue to show off, but changed the subject and talked about the business: "We have voted for this article, and we will discuss the fund application together."
"Well... it's March of this year," Gong Yuanjiang answered, "I think the integration is already very good last time. This time we will check them separately. If there are no problems, we will prepare to declare according to the current version. "
The two chatted a few more words and hung up.
Wei Xingsi was in a very happy mood, turned his head to look at Xu Qiu, and said: "We did not have a group meeting this week, and we will make up for it before the holiday... By the way, have you bought the tickets for home this year? Can you buy them? "
"I bought it," Xu Qiu responded: "But I didn't buy the one on January 24. I bought the hard sleeper on January 27."
"Hmm...Let's do it," Wei Xing thought for a while, and said, "Look if there is a direct ticket to your home, buy a ticket if you have one, and then refund the train ticket. I will reimburse you for the cost."
"Okay." Xu Qiu did not shirk either.