Vol 2 Chapter 831: Hot soup is always cold, death is immortal!

What is the universe?
Or what is the world we live in?
The form in which a world is born has to some extent determined the form in which it will end.
If a world is really created by almighty and omniscient gods within seven days, as in the legend, then it will eventually be destroyed in a catastrophic rage like the legend.
In other words, if a world can really be parsed, then it must be ensured that the world is rational from the beginning of its birth, and everything is generated according to a certain rule, not a sudden thought of an unknown existence. .
For example, to clarify the principles of the human body, first of all, we must ensure that the human body is really stepped by ancient apes, not created by a certain god.
Otherwise, the ultimate power of interpretation will always exist in the gods, and humans will never be able to figure out their own mysteries.
Then, the reversed retina, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, the open trachea and esophagus, the lack of protection of the temple, the fatal key to the male (the anti-harmony), and the yin that is lacking for the better reproduction of males ( Anti-harmony) The stems and bones will all be small defects left by the spirits in the process of creating humans because of inattention.
Rather than in the process of evolution, humans made active and passive choices for better survival and adaptation to the environment.
For Richard, what he is after is to analyze the current world and make the current world, like the earth, become a universe conforming to reason, rules and logic.
What kind of universe is the universe where the earth is?
Everything has been decided at the moment of birth.
According to the most consensus research results on Earth, the universe in which the Earth is located was born in a world-wide big bang, the so-called Big Bang theory.
In the Big Bang theory, the initial state of the universe is called singularity.
This is a point where the volume is infinitely small, the density is infinite, the gravity is infinite, and the curvature of space and time is infinite. At this point, the currently known laws of physics are not applicable, and neither space nor time have any meaning.
In this state, the temperature of the universe is about 10^32 degrees, which is the so-called Planck temperature. At such temperatures, let alone the atoms that form the basis of matter, even the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and even the more basic particles, quarks, do not exist.
At this time, the universe is just a pot of highly concentrated energy soup.
Suddenly, at a moment, the singularity exploded and the volume of the universe began to expand rapidly, increasing exponentially.
In the next few microseconds, quarks combine to form protons and neutrons, and their ratio is 7:1, but they cannot form stable nuclei. Because they are constantly disturbed by neutrinos and anti-neutrinos, the anti-beta decay nuclear reaction triggered by them greatly inhibits the occurrence of nuclear synthesis.
This situation continued until the age of the universe was close to one second, and the temperature of the universe fell to the level of 10^11 degrees, which is about tens of billions of degrees. Neutrinos and antineutrinos finally stopped interacting with nucleons, and the nuclear synthesis of the Big Bang really began.
Later, when the age of the universe reached two or three minutes, hydrogen, hydrogen isotopes, helium elements, and helium isotopes appeared in sequence.
The isotope of hydrogen, deuterium (one proton and one neutron), is an intermediate product in the nuclear reaction chain. A large amount of deuterium eventually forms helium (two protons and two neutrons) through different paths.
When the age of the universe reached 3 minutes, almost all the neutrons were in helium. When the universe was born, the ratio of protons to neutrons was 7:1, so at this time, the mass ratio of hydrogen to helium is 6:2, or 3:1.
That is to say, in this universe, 75% is hydrogen and 25% is helium. Their atomic numbers are 1 and 2, respectively, and their atomic weights are 1 and 4, respectively.
After that, the nuclear reaction continues. In a high-temperature environment, particles continue to collide, and small particles generate large particles, and particles with low atomic numbers produce particles with high atomic numbers. However, due to the limitation of physical principles, there are no stable atoms with atomic weights of 5 and 8 in the universe, and stable atoms with atomic weight of 6 lithium, and the reaction cross section is very small, so the next ion that continues to be produced by nuclear reaction is lithium isotope- Lithium 7.
In the course of this nuclear reaction, the universe has become larger and larger due to the rapid expansion, and the temperature has fallen faster and faster. By the time the nuclear reaction produces a small amount of lithium 7, the universe has become very cold and nuclear synthesis is almost over.
When the universe is 1 hour old, nuclear synthesis stops completely. At this time, the composition of matter in the universe is about 75% hydrogen, 25% helium, and a very small amount of lithium7, just like a large mass of cotton candy. nebula.
This state, from the age of one hour to the age of the universe, has been maintained at about one billion years.
When the universe is 1 billion years old, some positions of the gaseous nebula, because they contain more material, under the gravitational force, it will continue to attract more material to gather around. The density becomes higher and higher. Eventually, when the gravitational force is greater than the internal support force, gravity collapse occurs.
After the gravitational collapse, the gaseous nebula in an area will split into many smaller and smaller fragments. In each fragment, the collapsed gas will release gravitational potential energy in the form of thermal energy. As its temperature and pressure increase, these fragments will slowly condense into a superheated rotating gas called the original star, and this is how the first generation of stars formed.
After the first generation of stars was formed, in the core, due to the high temperature environment, nuclear synthesis began to restart, and elements with larger atomic numbers and atomic weights began to be synthesized in sequence.
First of all, it is the already familiar element of hydrogen through fusion, nuclear synthesis into element of helium. The energy in this fusion process is also used to resist the gravitational collapse caused by the gravitational force and ensure the stabilization of the star's volume.
When the hydrogen element is completely exhausted, the equilibrium state of fusion energy and gravitation is broken, and the star has a second gravitational force, which collapses itself, so that the core temperature and pressure increase greatly, reaching the conditions of helium fusion, through the fusion of helium, Nuclear synthesis is carbon, oxygen, etc.
When the helium is depleted, the third gravitational collapse begins again, the star collapses again, the core temperature and pressure further increase, and the elements of carbon and oxygen begin to fuse into silicon.
If the stellar mass is not large enough, it will die in a certain collapse process and evolve into a white dwarf (the stellar mass is about one tenth of the sun) or a red giant (the stellar mass is ten times lower than the sun). If the mass of the star is large enough to continue, the elements after lithium will continue to be generated, such as neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, calcium...
However, there are limits to this synthesis.
This limit is the element of iron.
In the core of a massive star, after multiple collapses, the elements fuse and generate iron through nuclear synthesis.
After most of the stellar core's mass becomes iron, and after the stellar core becomes an iron core, the pressure generated is already very large. This causes most of the electrons in the central part of the iron element to be pressed into the nucleus and combine with protons to become neutrons, making the core part almost all neutrons.
The neutrons are extremely close, so the iron atoms that want to be fusion come to the surface of the neutron and are blocked. Like a ball hitting a wall, they are bounced back and cannot enter the core.
In this way, no matter how much energy the star provides to the core, the iron can't undergo the next fusion and the life process of the star is locked. At this time, the elements from the outermost to the innermost star are hydrogen, helium, carbon, silicon, and iron.
After this continued for a period of time, the star's fusion stopped, and under the action of gravity, the star began to collapse again.
Because there will be no new fusion restart this time, the star will produce an unprecedented super explosion, that is, a supernova explosion.
In this state, the temperature and pressure reached a new high within a very short period of time. Elements after iron were produced, such as nickel, copper, zinc, etc., all the way to the element uranium.
Uranium is the element with the largest atomic number that exists in nature. Elements that exceed the atomic number of uranium ~EbookFREE.me~ can only be synthesized synthetically and cannot be obtained in nature.
This is the universe where the earth is.
In cognition, everything in the universe where the earth is currently is composed of the pot of energy soup of the original singularity through explosion and nuclear synthesis.
In this universe, the most fundamental components that make up every living thing and every object are traced to an explosion.
In this universe, all life is not sacred, because they all have the same past.
Their endings are also consistent and will eventually die.
After that, the dust returns to the dust and the soil returns to the earth, forming their particles, and then forming a new life.
This is a cycle. This is a kind of reincarnation of science. Your head may become a white cat of the next century, and your hands may come from the spine of the saber-toothed tiger in ancient times.
You, me, and him are actually one.
In this material-circulating universe, almost nothing is eternal. The only thing that can exist forever is the ever-increasing entropy.
The universe will continue to expand, and the Prandtl temperature from the singularity explosion will continue to decrease, and eventually it will gradually move toward absolute zero.
Slowly, all stars will run out of energy and go out one by one, the entire universe becomes darker and darker. Slowly, black holes continue to form and dominate the universe. Slowly, the black hole continuously emits Hawking radiation, and even the black hole itself begins to disappear.
Eventually, the entire universe reaches the state of maximum entropy, and all matter is evenly distributed in the universe. The universe became monotonous and dead, lost all vitality, and reached the end of the heat that was determined from birth-when the hot pot of singular energy exploded, it was determined that he would be in a distant future, It will eventually cool completely.
Hot soup is always cold, death is immortal!
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