Chapter 352: Annan Incident 2

Since the 1880s, in order to obtain economic benefits from overseas colonies and fill the huge compensation paid to Germany during the Franco-Prussian War, the French accelerated the pace of aggression and occupation of Annan.
法国 On March 15, 1874, the French colonial authorities signed with Annan
"France-Vietnam Alliance Treaty", the treaty stipulates that the French have the sovereignty and legal jurisdiction of the area they occupy, and the French side has the right to set up embassies and station troops at each trade port.
In France's view, the signing of this treaty means that France has established a protection system in Vietnam.
蒙 On April 19, 1875, the French Navy Colonial Minister
Pantanak wrote to Minister of Foreign Affairs Degas and said about the treaty: "Our current referee is preparing for the protectorate system, and the protectorate system must be clear in the future.
Suddenly established and recognized. The kingdom of Annan is now fragile, and it also acknowledges that it has no power to subject its subjects to it, so it has to accept it
的 The protection of a big country. The rights we have obtained in Cochin Chinna do not allow obedience to forces other than us to influence Emperor Gaode.
We have paid a lot for the foundation of French rule in this country, so we
I should continue our cause, and we must do not venture and the water does not deviate from the goal, especially we must not go back and make the past achievements utterly abandoned. "
Montanac's words reveal the true policy of the French government towards Annan.
之后 After 1874, the governor of Cochin Chin, in accordance with the treaty,
Constantly dispatched diplomats and colonial troops to Haiyang, Hanoi, Xishan and other provinces in northern Annan, and then used a small number of garrisons to gradually elevate the local ruling power of the Annan government and secretly gain control of northern Annan.
The French aggression gradually made the Annan government wary.
In order to prevent the further expansion of the French colonial forces, the Annan government was forced to respond and sent tribute troops to the mainland. It reiterated the relationship between Manchu and Annan, and urged the Manchu dynasty to send troops to assist the French invasion of the Annan area. .
On the internal side, he has sent cronies such as Huang Yao, Ruan Zheng, and Pei Yinnian to the posts of governors of the northern provinces, weakening the influence of pro-French officials in the northern region.
In addition, after the officials of the Annan court heard the news that the South Korean nation had repulsed the British Expeditionary Forces, they agreed that the Chinese military strength was strong and they could draw together the Nanyang Regiment, which is also part of the Han armed forces, and share the French colonial army's military operations in the northern provinces. Threat.
Therefore, with the acquiescence and secret support of the Annan government, the Nanyang Army rejected the French request to set up embassies and send troops in Guangning and Langshan provinces.
Because the Vietnamese government has either explicitly or implicitly resisted and threatened the seemingly powerful military strength of the Manchu dynasty,
The governor of Pyongyang Zhina, Di Pere, found it difficult to implement the relevant provisions of the 1874 treaty. In order to temporarily alleviate the anti-French sentiment of the Vietnamese government, in 1876 he sent a letter to Naval Colonial Minister Chuan Song, recommending that France step back from the 1874 treaty. These recommendations include "the French government assured the Vietnamese government of no idea of ​​conquest; agreed to not establish garrisons in Quang Ninh and Lang San provinces controlled by the Nanyang Legion;
Repeal provisions that do not allow the Annan government to change its current diplomatic relations with foreign countries;
France can only maintain the following points: Sovereignty in the six provinces of Cochinchina;
开 Open foreign trade with ports in Tokyo; favor Christians. Later, Dipere also advocated that France would not interfere in Vietnam's tributary to China in accordance with custom, although this was in violation of the 1874 treaty.
Cochinchinese Governor Di Pere's proposition of temporarily compromising concessions brought several years of valuable security to northern Annan, but by 1879, the political situation in France had undergone tremendous changes. The attempt to restore the imperial monarchy followed with McMahon The president's resignation came to an end, and he was governed by the Republican Gundam and Ruffeli cabinets.
This was two zealous governments advocating colonial expansion. They replaced the naval colonial minister with the more aggressive Ulysses Gübli, and soon after taking office, they decided to make the predecessor's paper plan for expanding the aggression a reality. action.
(1879) On October 1, Yulie Guberi replaced the conservative and stable Dipere and appointed Lu Mei as Governor of Cochin Chin. He also proposed a specific plan for Luo Feng's invasion of Beibei: "This way, an expedition must be carried out. According to the information I have obtained, this expedition will not only conquer Tokyo, but also stay there
Years. With 3,000 Marines or her troops, 3,000 Annan forces, and 12 gunboats, with these means of action, our goals can be achieved. "
Under the aggression strategy of the new Cabinet President, the French colonial authorities repeatedly threatened the Annan government to implement the 1874 treaty by force, allowing the Governor's Government to increase the number of troops in the northern provinces.
Faced with the threat from the French, the Annan government took the vassal relationship with the Manchu dynasty as a cover, claiming that Annan was a vassal state of the Manchu dynasty, and France could only seek the consent of the Manchu dynasty if it wanted to increase the number of troops in the northern provinces The Annan government could not go beyond the Manchu government and promised them alone.
The perfunctory response of the Annan government did not satisfy the French. While the French government ordered the ambassador to China to negotiate with the Manchurian government on the issue of Annan ’s garrison, the Governor ’s Government sent a number of armed personnel to openly probe Annan in the name of an expedition. The presence of troops in the northern provinces, and in order to force the Annan government to comply,
年底 At the end of 1880, Governor Lu Mei of Cochin Chinna sent a message to Colonial Minister Clue, and proposed to use a local war to defeat the military forces in northern Annan and clear the way for France to take full control of Annan.
Lu Mei's battle plan has been approved and supported by the other party, but considering that France is not ready to fully invade the Annan region, the Navy Colonial Minister Croue reminded Lu Mei that the scale of the war must be controlled within a certain range and must not evolve. For France's all-out war with Annan and Manchu.
After receiving the approval of Klue, the governor's office of Cochinchina quickly prepared the battle plan, and then all that remained was to find-an appropriate excuse to implement.
The guilty convictions, and no excuses, the excuses for creating conflicts were quickly found.
On February 17, 1881, Lu Mei reported to the French government that the incident occurred in Quang Ninh province, and that French nationals were stopped by Nanyang Army soldiers. They said: I received two letters from the French consul in Hanoi today. Mr. Gooding and Mr. Villeroy from French visit to Halong City
Funeral. They held passports issued by the consulate and had planned to visit Hongji Coal Mine as a scholar. It didn't take long for the two-resident surveyor to have to stop the trip because in January
After being abused when leaving Baohe on the 8th, they were attacked at a small castle about 40 miles away from Hongji Coal Mine. A Malayan they hired had a shot in the thigh.
They were forced to return to the capital of the province again, and had to step back again in the face of the aggressive attitude of the Chinese soldiers. A Chinese army of several hundred people had just arrived here. Without the boatman and the protection of the Annan authorities, the two Frenchmen had no choice but to keep
Retreat to the confluence of Heishui River. According to the latest news, they are preparing to head up against another river. "
Next, in order to expand the incident, Lu Mei applied for a delegation of mining engineers sent by the French government, including more than 20 people including Professor Fich and Engineer Sarasi.
Under the protection of the French colonial army in early February, they once again demanded an inspection of the Hongji Coal Mine. But was rejected by the Nanyang Army ...
Yinghongji Coal Mine is located in the capital of Guangning Province and produces high-quality anthracite. Thick coal seams and thin topsoil are conducive to open-pit mining. The mining area is more than 100 kilometers long and wide kilometers, with coal reserves of 2.25 billion tons. It is the most important coal base in Southeast Asia, with proven output accounting for around 90% of Annan ’s country.
In 1870, after the Nanyang Army discovered the area where the Hongji Coal Mine was located, it was fully mined in 1872. Except for a small part of the anthracite coal, it was transported back to local use, and most of it was delivered to the southern part of the mainland, Thailand and other regions.
In 1874, in order to dispel the French's idea of ​​seizing the Hongji Coal Mine, the Han country successively introduced Germany, Britain, the Netherlands, the United States, Spain and other Western countries with influence in the Pacific to take shares.
After Britain, Germany, the United States and other countries have taken shares, the mining volume of the Hongji coal mine has increased significantly. The high-quality anthracite mined every year is distributed to further regions through the colonies of Britain, the United States, Spain, and the Netherlands. Down, the Hongji Coal Mine alone brought a lot of financial revenue to the Han government.
The Hongji Coal Mine is equipped with a complete commercial and military wharf. The superior geographical location and rich economic benefits have long made the French salivate. To this end, on February 15, 1881, the French government wrote a letter under the pretext of the conflict. The Vietnamese government threatened the Vietnamese government to expel the Nanyang Army to ensure the safety of the French.
After the French government ’s unreasonable demands were politely rejected by the Annan government, Lu Mei decided to send troops to settle the dispute.
He assigned this task to Colonel Li Weiye, commander of the new Cochin Chin Naval Squadron, and Major Wei Yi, commander of the African Black Colonial Army.
维 Li Weiye was born in the French Naval School and served in the French Navy after graduation. He had participated in the expedition to Mexico, but had no military success.
He was promoted only by seniority and won the rank of colonel in his 50s. He also knew that his military career was about to end and it was time to retire. At the same time as the Navy, he also engaged in literary creation, published a collection of poems, published many novels, and staged plays. In 1881, Li Weiye was appointed commander of the Navy Squadron in Cochin Chin. This is a and
The unsatisfactory post, its duty is to guard the Indochina coast from Singapore to the Hainan Strait, and the river navigation between Cochin and Cambodia. this is
Quite tedious work, plus Europeans are not very adaptable to the local climate. So, in
Li Weiye previously had two colonels reject the appointment, but Li Weiye accepted it without hesitation, and according to Lu Mei's urgent order, arrived in Annan one year earlier than in history.
Major Wei Wei was originally a low-ranking officer stationed in the French Congo colony. From 1875, the French government successively recruited black soldiers from Chad, Senegal, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Niger, French Congo and other colonies to Annan in the Indochina , Cambodia and Laos. To adapt to the hot weather there.
By the beginning of 1881, the number of black colonial forces in the Indo-China Peninsula had reached more than 1,000, accounting for about 20% of the total number of French colonial forces (the French colonial army was composed of whites, Annans, and blacks, and whites only occupied a part. A subordinate army of the Annan.).
French people are more tolerant of blacks than Britain, Germany, Belgium and other countries. In Africa, in order to facilitate rule, France vigorously promotes assimilation policies. Politically, the French destroyed the original chieftain system and instead appointed the governor to rule according to the French system; culturally, French was a necessary condition for further studies, and French was encouraged to be studied in the colonies. In order to win over the upper tribes of African tribes, colonial elites are also actively encouraged to obtain French citizenship, allowing a small number of elite blacks to live in the country.
The 1789 Revolution spread the ideas of democracy, freedom, and tolerance, and caused some French people with philanthropic ideas to bring these ideas to Africa. Therefore, among the black colonial army in Annan, although white officers are still mainstream, but For the purpose of encouraging the advancement of black people, some outstanding black people are still able to serve as low-level officers.
In 1880, Major Wei was recognized by the Governor ~ EbookFREE.me as a commander of the Black Colonial Army. Facing the upcoming war, Major Wei was confident in his soldiers.
"Lieutenant Bryant, I order you to be the commander of the forward unit. After your Governor ’s combat mission is issued, immediately take your company, according to the battle plan, first proceed to the direction of the dragon, and wait until Colonel Li Weiye ’s troops occupy Hanoi and Haiphong. Later, your troops must occupy the town of Merrett within two days and block the connection between Kampu and Halong. "
"Understand, Commander, my soldiers are warriors of various Congolese (French Congo) tribes. I promise not to turn those yellow-skinned monkeys back."
Hold a tall black officer, open his mouth wide, and show white teeth.
"I believe in the courage of the soldiers of the African Legion of the Republic, but this military operation is very important. You must restrain your troops and try to incur as little as possible the town of Annan on the way to avoid delaying the combat mission."
The troops of European countries in the colonies are generally loose in military discipline. Most of the black army under the French colonial army have not separated from their original obscurity. The military discipline is much worse than that of the white colonial army. African black troops have arrived in the Indochina Peninsula. Later, there were no fewer than 30 killings and rapes against local villages and towns, which deeply hated Annans.
If it were not for the French colonists to worry about intensifying the conflict with the Annan government, causing the armed resistance of the Annan people and restraining the black soldiers, their destructive power would be even greater.
"The commander is assured that my company will not actively provoke the Annan village until the combat mission is completed."