Chapter 396: 10 years of leap development

In August 1885, the two Dingyuan ships improved battleships ordered by Han Guo at the Volvo shipyard in Germany were completed and returned to China. Among the personnel who returned to South America with the two battleships, except the local ship mechanics and Naval officers and soldiers, as well as more than 400 German ship designers, experts, and technicians, will be responsible for guiding all the technicians at the Beijing Shipyard to complete the construction of two 3500-ton armored cruisers.
In September 1887, all the technicians of Xinjing Shipyard and the two main technical backbones of Xing'an Shipyard and Royal Shipyard were assembled. It took two years, which took one year more than the same period construction project of Volvo Shipyard in Germany. The 3,500-ton armored cruiser finally passed the technical inspection and various technical indicators reached the launching requirements.
In January, two armored cruisers were delivered to the Atlantic Fleet and the Pacific Fleet respectively. At this point, the Chinese Navy has a total of two new battleships, two new armored cruisers, two 3200-ton cruisers, and eight light-duty cruisers with a displacement of 1,350 tons. There are more than sixty torpedo ships, supply ships, communication ships, and large transport ships. There are nearly eighty ships of various types.
The gross tonnage of the navy's main ships jumped to the second place in South America, and it is not far behind the Chilean navy, which ranks second in South America, and is generally at the same level.
During the year, the overall operational level of the navy and army has been raised to the expected standard.
In September 1886, after the introduction and digestion of the local technology, the 150mm heavy guns and 150mm naval guns that were independently manufactured were successively installed in the Army and Navy.
In January, more than 100,000 main forces of the National Defense Force completed the reloading task without new weapons, imitating the Mossinagan rifle, and using the single-base gunpowder Jianye 6-year step to replace the Hanhua 1875 rifle and become the Army's standard weapon. The first domestic heavy machine gun, the overall performance of the weapon is better than the first-generation Mark Qin machine gun. The Jianye 5-year heavy machine gun also replaced the Gatling hand-held machine gun and became the main support force of the company and battalion army units. Firepower.
The 1980s and 1990s were the era of the second industrial revolution. A large number of new technologies emerged during this period. New technologies quickly replaced old technologies. Many improved technologies that were just developed ten or five years ago, Likely to be replaced by another technology with better performance and lower cost,
Therefore, in order to avoid the hard-developed technology, which has only been maintained for a few years, it has been cracked by other Western countries. The Han government will include the single-base gunpowder, which will be discovered by French scientists in 1884, and discovered by Nobel in 1888. Nearly a hundred kinds of technologies such as double-base gunpowder, which have been cracked in succession within ten years, have been used as exchange chips to conduct a wide range of technology exchanges and exchanges with Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and other countries. More than a hundred emerging technologies have provided the technology reserve foundation for the local industrialization to take off.
Openness, mutual assistance, and technology sharing are propaganda slogans for technological exchanges between countries proposed by the Han government. During the year, the export and exchange of nearly a hundred new technologies have been alleviated to a certain extent. The tension between Italy and the three countries, and the economic exchanges between the countries have gradually become more open and close. Chemical, electrical and other products produced in the Han country have also been allowed to enter many European countries, such as Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and occupy a small portion. Market share.
The Han government ’s move to find national cooperation and technology exchanges throughout the world not only made up many shortcomings of local industry, but also provided a channel for the export of local industrial goods.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Western powers were in the period of imperialist economy, and the most typical feature of the imperialist economy was protectionism. The domestic market and its affiliated colonies allowed only domestic goods to enter, and foreign goods were not allowed You must not enter the domestic market.
The huge colonial market provided huge industrial markets for Britain and France. A large number of local industrial goods entered the colonies through ocean shipping, then dumped in a monopolistic manner, and finally obtained extremely considerable economic benefits.
After the late-developing industrial countries have completed the industrial revolution, their local industrial markets can no longer meet the needs of industrial development. Therefore, they must move towards the path of expanding overseas markets. This is also the beginning of the twentieth century. main reason.
Compared with Germany and the United States, the current level of industrialization in Han has not yet reached the level of saturation of the local market, but when the first ten-year development plan is about to be completed, in the face of the rapid expansion of local industrial production capacity, it is necessary to plan for the domestic market in advance. The future overseas market layout of the product is already an important issue before the government.
In the late 19th century, the British Thomas solved the dephosphorization problem of phosphorus-containing iron ore by adding lime to the dolomite-lined Bessemer converter.
This technological breakthrough has made it possible to make extensive use of phosphorus-containing iron ore, improve the quality of steel, and reduce production costs.
In 1879, the Germans cracked the steel smelting method invented by Thomas and applied it to the local steel smelting industry.
In the early 1950s, I learned that Thomas Smelt spread and spread among European countries.
The Han government responded quickly to this latest technological achievement.
Led by the Chinese Embassy in Germany in May, the Han National Iron and Steel Consortium can't wait to introduce this technology into the Han country, which has led to a rapid increase in steel production. The following year, Han Guo produced 1782 tons of Thomas Steel and 11,000 tons of Bessemer Steel.
By the beginning of 1889, under the influence of the railway,
The domestic crude steel output has reached 240,000 tons per year, and pig iron output has reached 310,000 tons per year.
In the same year, world crude steel output reached 10 million tons.
The United States ranks first in the world with 4.02 million tons.
Britain ranks second in the world, with output increasing to 3.536 million tons.
Germany followed the UK with 2.01 million tons, ranking third in the world.
Although France ranks fourth, its output is only 700,000 tons, which is far from the top three.
Russia's output slowly increased to 378,000 tons, maintaining the fifth position in the world.
The output of Han crude steel ranks behind the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy, ranking eighth in the world.
The output of local iron and steel has stepped into the top ten in the world. The total mileage of local railways has increased from kilometers to 6,000 kilometers. Representative industries in the second industrial revolution such as chemical, electrical, and internal combustion engines have also been obtained in Han Dynasty. Leap-forward development.
The strategy of the big chemical industry is the top priority of the ten-year development plan. For 21 years after the founding of the country, the big chemical industry has become the fastest-growing and most proud national industry in the Han industry.
Polymer chemical branch field,
Local scientific researchers mixed sulfur with natural rubber and heated it to produce elastic materials with better performance.
It is widely used in bicycle pneumatic tires and other rubber products.
In 1887, using the Goodyear technology and the introduced wire drawing technology, the Han National Chemical Society established the first rayon factory in Xinjing.
Coal chemical branch field,
In February 1883, the Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully built a coke oven with a chemical recovery device in Yangzhou, and extracted a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar as raw materials for industries such as medicine and dyes.
In the field of photosensitive materials,
In 1884, the Changan Municipal Government led the establishment of the Changan Film Company, whose main products were photographic dry plates and films.
In March 1888, Changan Film Company began to produce photographic films and films, which opened the door to photographic technology.
In June 1888, the films produced by Changan Film Company entered the European market. In August, the first batch of films sold out, and the film quality was widely praised. In January, Changan Film Company occupied 20% of the international film market, and was ranked as the world's two largest film manufacturers with Kodak Film Company in the United States.
In the field of textile dyes,
In May 1882, researchers of the Academy of Chemical Sciences synthesized indigo from phenylacetic acid, thereby completing the technology of fully synthesized indigo.
In January 1883, local chemical researchers used high-temperature roasting to complete the technical reserve for synthesizing organic matter (brown coal, sawdust, paper, leather, etc.) with sodium sulfide and sulfur yellow into brown sulfur dyes.
In 1885, Liu Linping, a returned student, controlled by low temperature and dry conditions.
The sodium naphthol sodium salt solution was dipped in cotton cloth, and then the color was developed with diacetyl rubber diazonium salt, and the cotton fiber appeared red.
Because the dye needs to be maintained at low temperature during the dyeing process, this dye is called ice dye.
With the rapid development of domestic chemical dye technology, dye technology in Western countries is also in a rapid improvement stage.
Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland, the United States and other western countries have set up hundreds of chemical dye companies in total. Among them, Baden aniline soda, Hester, Bayer AG, British Inner Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Dupont of the United States, Ciba Gage and Sandoz of Switzerland are the most famous companies. In the international dye market, these foreign chemical companies compete with local large-scale chemical companies such as Royal Alkali, Susong Textile, Jiangnan Textile, Fierce competition for international market share.
Rubber branch field,
Since Han is the world's largest producer of natural rubber raw materials, it has advantages in raw material costs and technical reserves.
Therefore, after 1884, the initially formed Han National Rubber Industry was able to produce rubber blankets, rubber shoes, rubber tubes, rubber sheets, and some daily necessities. Relying on the price advantage and scarcity of these products, these rubber products quickly seized the international rubber product market, and then promoted local large enterprises led by Royal Rubber Manufacturing Company and Luozhou Rubber Industry Group to go abroad and complete the transition from local state-owned enterprises to international large-scale enterprises. Transformation of trust companies.
By 1889, the international market share occupied by local rubber companies reached 42% ~ EbookFREE.me ~ a preliminary monopoly pattern was formed.
Soda ash industry,
In 1876, the Han government used the imported Solvay method to establish a royal soda company in the country to engage in the production of chemical products such as soda ash.
In February 1886, the Royal Alkali Co., Ltd. completed the technical improvement of the Solvay method, so that after large-scale production, the price per ton of soda ash dropped from 52 yuan to 28 yuan.
The production cost of soda ash has been greatly reduced. The soda ash produced by Royal Soda Co., Ltd. has overwhelmed Bayer in Germany. It has become the most popular product in the international soda ash market. Like scarce or subdivided industrial products such as rubber and film, they have the opportunity to compete fairly with companies in the same industry in European countries.
After 1887, the share of the international soda ash market held by Han Guo companies has stagnated, while companies such as German Bayer Company and British Bunner Chemical Company have used European trade agreements to quickly occupy the European market share and continue to shrink. Sales gap with Han Guo's soda ash manufacturing enterprises. …………
:. :