Chapter 444: Industry and shipping

At the end of June 1889, the new year had passed halfway. In the past half year, in addition to the military, politics, diplomacy and other aspects of the Han government, it has devoted a lot of energy to the construction of an industrial system directly related to the overall strength of the country. , Has also maintained great importance.
As of the first half of 1889, there were 400 local government-owned factory enterprises, more than 2,700 private private enterprises, and more than 3,200 factory enterprises. There were more than 2,100 modern enterprises using steam engines as power, with a total of 600,000 workers and 340,000 industrial workers. .
During the same period, there were nearly 3,000 factories with more than ten people in Japan, using 670 steam power, a total of 380,000 workers, and 170,000 industrial workers.
There are 24 government-run industrial enterprises in mainland China. More than 100 private industrial enterprises. There are about 80,000 industrial workers (excluding miners) in modern times, including 36,000 in Shanghai. About half of the total number of industrial workers.
Looking at the industrial development of the three parties, the populations of the three parties in Han, Japan, and the Qing court were at the end of June, respectively), 40 million, and 370 million.
The start of industry was in the late 1960s.
After more than two decades of development and changes, the results of the development of the three parties' industries have presented a completely different picture.
Let's start with the Japanese side. Japan's domestic land is barren and resources are scarce. Although a number of primary industrial commodities were produced by exploiting its cheap labor, these primary industrial commodities are completely in competition with Western powers due to quality and machinery costs. Disadvantaged position.
Primary industrial products cannot achieve the expected profits, and at the same time lack overseas colonies as an alternative market. In order to continue the industrialization of Japan, Japan has chosen to increase various taxes, develop light industries such as textiles, dyeing and weaving, and obtain industrial development. Required starting capital. (Before 1895, Japan's industrial development had been at a low level and low scale. After 1895, Japan not only received silver from the Qing court, but also gained a vast market from the mainland. Compared with the compensated silver, the mainland The region provides a vast industrial market for Japanese primary industrial products, and its value is much higher than the compensation for silver's development in Japan.)
Secondly, in terms of the Qing court, in order to increase its own strength and maintain feudal rule, the Qing government agreed to the establishment of foreign affairs and industrial development in some provinces. State-owned enterprises such as the Jiangnan Manufacturing Administration and the Steamship Merchants Bureau were established under this background.
However, unlike the state-owned enterprises under the jurisdiction of the Han government, the number of state-owned enterprises in the mainland is not only scarce, but also the rigid management system and the corruption of managers are worse than those of government departments.
Take Jiangnan General Administration of Manufacturing as an example. The officials leading the management of the company know nothing about modern industrial technology and don't care about the development of the company. They just use the name of the state-owned enterprise as a tool to collect money. According to information obtained by the local Han country, from For a total of more than 20 years from the establishment of 1665 to the first half of 1889, the number of eunuchs of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Administration increased from more than 40 to 200, a five-fold increase.
In addition to the rigid management of enterprises and the rampant corruption of officials, the incomplete industrial development system and the obstruction of conservative officials in the Qing court are also important reasons for the industrialization of the mainland.
In the first half of 1889, the prices of industrial raw materials purchased from the mainland increased by 50% year-on-year. (There are reasons for official corruption and collusion with foreign businessmen.) State-owned enterprises such as Jiangnan General Administration of Manufacturing, Steamship Merchants Bureau and other state-owned enterprises have suffered continuous losses due to excessive increases in industrial raw materials and competition in Western countries. Consecutive declines, while at the same time, the restrictions of the Qing government, including so-called Westernization officials, on private industrial enterprises led to the monopoly of various industrial industries in the mainland by Western businessmen, even though a small number of businessmen took risks and were founded in the name of foreign businessmen Industrial enterprises are also difficult to develop and grow into national enterprises because of the combined suppression of the Qing government, foreign businessmen, and compradors.
Compared with the mainland and Japan, Han has the smallest population and the shortest time to establish a nation. However, it is also because of the shortest time since the founding of the People ’s Republic of China, and the local nationals are all Chinese from different regions. The Han government was able to start from a blank piece of paper and plan the local industrialization development path without any long-term interest.
In the early days of the founding of the PRC, agriculture and animal husbandry were used as the national industry, and the extensive La Plata Plain was used to develop agriculture and animal husbandry. Then, the funds obtained from the development of agriculture and animal husbandry were invested in the steel and emerging chemical industries. Development of local industry.
In the mid-1980s, the Han chemical industry grew into a new technology industry, and various superior chemical products developed and produced by locals quickly became another pillar of the country because of its irreplaceability, quality, and superior performance. The income-generating industry was exported to Europe, Southeast Asia, and other regions, which brought considerable fiscal revenue to the local government.
The four advantageous industries of animal husbandry, agriculture, agricultural product processing industry, and new chemical industry are a steady stream of financial funds for the local belt. Based on the macro-planning of the local government, the local governments have different degrees of criticality, and these funds are invested in different industrial industries. .
Four advantageous industries are nurturing heavy industries, and high-tech heavy industry industries such as Iron and Steel United Group, Jiangnan Textile Factory, Han Guo Mining Company, Royal Shipyard, Xinjing Shipyard, Chang'an Machinery Bureau, etc. Private industrial enterprises are sending more and more technical talents.
The four large state-owned enterprises of Han Guo Iron and Steel United Group, Xinjing Shipyard, Xinghe Shipyard, and Royal Shipyard were the initial training centers for industrial workers in Han country.
Among the four state-owned enterprises, the Iron and Steel United Group and its more than 300 factory enterprises have more than 26,000 employees and 15,000 industrial workers. (The Hanguo Iron and Steel United Group is a system-based enterprise established on the basis of coal production.Among them, not only are companies related to steel smelting, but also military enterprises such as rifles, artillery, and armored artillery shells, which have a high demand for steel. The base is affiliated to the Iron and Steel United Group and is under the common jurisdiction of the military, the government and the United Group).
The Xinjing Shipyard has a 8,000-ton military shipyard (namely, it can build 8,000-ton warships, which are generally used to build warships between tonnage.),
, 2 5000-ton military docks, 3 3,000-ton military docks.
There are 149 supporting industrial enterprises of various types, 3,000 employees of various types, and 2,400 industrial workers.
Royal Shipyard has a 8,000-ton military dock
, 2 5000-ton military docks and 4 3000-ton military docks.
There are 162 supporting industrial enterprises of various types, with 3,200 employees and 2,500 industrial workers.
Xinghe Shipyard also takes into account the construction tasks of civil ships and inland steam ships. It has one 5,000-ton military dock and four 3,000-ton military docks.
There are 2 civil 8000-ton shipyards, 4 civilian 5,000-ton shipyards, and 9 civilian 3,000-ton shipyards.
It has 194 supporting industrial enterprises of various types, 3,500 employees and 2,700 industrial workers.
The technical staff of the four state-owned enterprises mainly come from returned students and graduates of intermediate-level technical colleges and universities trained locally, and a small part of them are imported foreign technical experts, workers, and apprentice workers who have followed foreign technicians in their early studies.
The Han government encourages the development of private industrial enterprises. Every year, the government selects some skilled workers from the state-owned enterprises and transfers them to private industrial enterprises to train the required technical talents for the private enterprises.
Light industry and agriculture nurture the development of heavy industry. State-owned enterprises support the development of private industrial enterprises. Under the policy of mutual support between several different types of industrial industries implemented by the government, the domestic industrial system in Han has gradually spread from one industry to another. To the entire industrial industry, and this proliferation rate is rapidly accelerating, such as the civil shipbuilding industry in Han Dynasty,
At the end of 1868, the Han government had only seized more than 100 vessels of various types, with a total tonnage of only 20,000 tons.
By the first half of 1889, the number of ocean shipping vessels in Han Dynasty had reached 170, and the tonnage of ocean shipping vessels had reached 260,000 tons.
The tonnage of vessels used for ocean transportation is more than 1,000 tons ~ EbookFREE.me ~ Among them, more than 150 vessels are installed and switched to steam engines.
Compared with ocean-going carriers, although the tonnage of ships used for local offshore and inland water transport is generally only ton, the largest is only ton.
However, due to the developed water systems in various parts of the country, the water transport industry has a large demand for offshore and inland water transport vessels. The number of local offshore and inland water vessels has also exceeded 1,000, and the tonnage of the vessels has reached 120,000 tons.
The total tonnage of domestic civil vessels is close to 390,000 tons, and there are more than 500 shipping companies. Although government functional departments estimate that with the competition in the shipping industry in the next few years, the overall strength will increase, the number of local shipping companies will soon drop to 200. Yujia,
However, according to market rules, private shipping companies integrate and merge with each other. The integration and consolidation of small companies with only one or two ships together can increase the company's market competitiveness and benefit the healthy development of the local shipping industry. To this end, the local government has not stepped in, but instead intends to take the opportunity to launch the first 5,000-ton ocean-going ship in the country to increase support for private shipping companies.
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